• Male Goat Anatomy

PDF On Oct 1, 2001, Jeff Thomason and others published Guide to Regional Ruminant Anatomy Based on the Dissection of the Goat.

Moving your Mouse to the Announcement Box will stop the scrolling so you can more easily read an item. ABGA BOARD OF DIRECTORS The officers for the 2018-2019 term are: President: Deric Wetherell Vice President: Kathy Daves-Carr Treasurer: Denise Crabtree Secretary: Sara Davis ABGA JUDGES The downloadable was last updated January 2018 DNA TESTING DNA Test Results for all sires of kids conceived by either natural service or using semen collected on or after January 1, 2015 must be on file at ABGA in order for the kids to be registered. The Sample Test Kit includes instructions on how to pull hair for a DNA test.

Effective January 1, 2018, DNA testing will be required for does before offspring are eligible for registration when the offspring is a result of embryo flush occurring after January 1, 2018. EVENTS CALENDAR If you or your group are sponsoring an educational seminar, please send that information to, who will see that it gets added to the. THANK YOU Thanks to Loreli Row for the picture of Winter in the header. If you have goat pictures you would like to share, please send them to.

(, ) Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 Capra depressa Linnaeus, 1758 Capra mambrica Linnaeus, 1758 Capra reversa Linnaeus, 1758 The domestic goat or simply goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of from the wild goat of. The goat is a member of the animal family and the goat- subfamily, meaning it is closely related to the. There are over 300 distinct of goat. Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species of animal, and have been used for, and across much of the world. Milk from goats is often turned into. Female goats are referred to as does or nannies, males are called bucks or billies and juvenile goats of both sexes are called kids. Males are called wethers.

While the words hircine and caprine both refer to anything having a goat-like quality, hircine is used most often to emphasize the distinct smell of domestic goats. In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to the. Horn cores from the Neolithic village of Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans. The most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild of the is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today. Farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to and meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel, and their bones, hair and sinew for clothing, building and tools. The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years are found in in.

Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in, and, dating the domestication of goats in at between 8000 and 9000 years ago. Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years BP as the domestication date. Historically, goat hide has been used for water and bottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produce. Anatomy and health. Eye with horizontal pupil Each recognized breed of goat has specific weight ranges, which vary from over 140 kg (300 lb) for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to 20 to 27 kg (45 to 60 lb) for smaller goat does. Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have different recognized sizes.

At the bottom of the size range are miniature breeds such as the African Pygmy, which stand 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in) at the shoulder as adults. Horns Most goats naturally have two, of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed. There have been incidents of goats (having as many as eight horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. Unlike cattle, goats have not been successfully bred to be reliably, as the genes determining sex and those determining horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically polled goats results in a high number of individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile. Their horns are made of living bone surrounded by and other, and are used for defense, dominance, and territoriality. Digestion and lactation Goats are.

They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the, the, the, and the. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an consisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats. An exception to this is the, which sometimes may have up to eight teats.

Eyes Goats have horizontal, slit-shaped. Because goats' are usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris. Beards Both male and female goats have beards, and many types of goat (most commonly dairy goats, dairy-cross, and ) may have, one dangling from each side of the neck.

A two-month-old goat kid in a field of Goats reach puberty between three and 15 months of age, depending on breed and nutritional status. Many breeders prefer to postpone breeding until the doe has reached 70% of the adult weight.

However, this separation is rarely possible in extensively managed, open-range herds. In temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, the commences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring or before. In equatorial regions, goats are able to at any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions depends more on available forage than on day length.

Does of any breed or region come into (heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags (vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat. A female goat and two kids Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into in the fall as with the does' heat cycles. Bucks of equatorial breeds may show seasonal reduced fertility, but as with the does, are capable of breeding at all times. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does.

A buck in rut will display lip curling and will. Sebaceous scent glands at the base of the horns add to the male goat's odor, which is important to make him attractive to the female. Some does will not mate with a buck which has been descented.

In addition to natural, traditional mating, has gained popularity among goat, as it allows easy access to a wide variety of. Length is approximately 150 days. Are the usual result, with single and births also common. Less frequent are litters of, and even kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully.

Just before kidding, the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip, as well as heavy breathing. She may have a worried look, become restless and display great affection for her keeper. The mother often, which gives her much-needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of wild, such as deer, to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators. Freshening (coming into milk production) occurs at kidding. Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between 680 and 1,810 kg (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305-day. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 3 kg (6 lb) of milk per day while she is in milk. A first-time milker may produce less, or as much as 7 kg (16 lb), or more of milk in exceptional cases.

After the lactation, the doe will 'dry off', typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days. Meat, fiber, and breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids until. Is also known to occur in goats. Diet Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, including tin cans and boxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they are animals, not like cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their highly curious nature) will chew on and taste just about anything remotely resembling plant matter to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard, clothing and paper (such as labels from tin cans).

The unusual smells of leftover food in discarded cans or boxes may further stimulate their curiosity. A domestic goat feeding in a field of capeweed, a weed which is toxic to most stock animals Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic.

They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing. This is one reason goat-rearing is most often, since stall-fed goat-rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable. Goats prefer to browse on, such as, on and on, more like deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses.

Is poisonous; wilted fruit tree leaves can also kill goats. (fermented corn stalks) and haylage (fermented grass hay) can be used if consumed immediately after opening – goats are particularly sensitive to bacteria that can grow in fermented feeds., a high-protein plant, is widely fed as; is the least palatable and least nutritious hay.

In a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it. In various places in China, goats are used in the production of tea. Goats are released onto the tea terraces where they avoid consuming the green tea leaves (which contain bitter tasting substances) but instead eat the weeds. The goats' droppings fertilise the tea plants. The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a animal. Milk digestion begins in the, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients.

The adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with all, increased protein diets (10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories. Large-framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to 42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full potential. Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for maintenance of daily functions.

Glycerinated goat tongue Goats are naturally curious. They are also agile and well known for their ability to climb and balance in precarious places.

This makes them the only to regularly climb trees. Due to their agility and inquisitiveness, they are notorious for escaping their pens by testing fences and enclosures, either intentionally or simply because they are used to climbing. If any of the fencing can be overcome, goats will almost inevitably escape. Due to their intelligence, once a goat has discovered a weakness in the fence, they will exploit it repeatedly, and other goats will observe and quickly learn the same method. Goats explore anything new or unfamiliar in their surroundings, primarily with their upper lip and tongue, by nibbling at them, occasionally even eating them. When handled as a group, goats tend to display less herding behavior than sheep. When grazing undisturbed, they tend to spread across the field or range, rather than feed side-by-side as do sheep.

Male Goat Anatomy

When nursing young, goats will leave their kids separated ('lying out') rather than clumped, as do sheep. They will generally turn and face an intruder and bucks are more likely to charge or butt at humans than are. A study by reports that goats try to communicate with people in the same manner as domesticated animals such as dogs and horses.

Goats were first domesticated as livestock more than 10,000 years ago. Research conducted to test communication skills found that the goats will look to a human for assistance when faced with a challenge that had previously been mastered, but was then modified.

Specifically, when presented with a box, the goat was able to remove the lid and retrieve a treat inside, but when the box was turned so the lid could not be removed, the goat would turn and gaze at the person and move toward them, before looking back toward the box. This is the same type of complex communication observed by animals bred as domestic pets, such as dogs. Researchers believe that better understanding of human-goat interaction could offer overall improvement in the animals' welfare.

The field of anthrozoology has established that domesticated animals have the capacity for complex communication with humans when in 2015 a Japanese scientist determined that levels of oxytocin did increase in human subjects when dogs were exposed to a dose of the 'love hormone', proving that a human-animal bond does exist. This is the same affinity that was proven with the London study above; goats are intelligent, capable of complex communication, and able to form bonds. Despite having the reputation of being slightly rebellious, more and more people today are choosing more exotic companion animals like goats. Goats are herd animals and typically prefer the company of other goats, but because of their herd mentality, they will follow their owners around just the same. Main article: While goats are generally considered hardy animals and in many situations receive little medical care, they are subject to a number of diseases.

Among the conditions affecting goats are respiratory diseases including, foot rot, internal parasites, pregnancy toxosis and feed toxicity. Feed toxicity can vary based on breed and location. Certain foreign fruits and vegetables can be toxic to different breeds of goats. Goats can become infected with various viral and bacterial diseases, such as, pinkeye, mastitis,. They can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to people, such as,. Life expectancy Life expectancy for goats is between fifteen and eighteen years. An instance of a goat reaching the age of 24 has been reported.

Several factors can reduce this average expectancy; problems during kidding can lower a doe's expected life span to ten or eleven, and stresses of going into rut can lower a buck's expected life span to eight to ten years. Reared goat(Husbandry) Husbandry, or animal care and use, varies by region and culture. The particular housing used for goats depends not only on the intended use of the goat, but also on the region of the world where they are raised. Historically, domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended by who were frequently children or, similar to the more widely known. These methods of are still used today. In some parts of the world, especially Europe and North America, distinct breeds of goats are kept for dairy (milk) and for meat production. Excess male kids of dairy breeds are typically slaughtered for meat.

Both does and bucks of meat breeds may be slaughtered for meat, as well as older animals of any breed. The meat of older bucks (more than one year old) is generally considered not desirable for meat for human consumption. Castration at a young age prevents the development of typical buck odor.

For farmers in many countries, such as this woman from, goats are important livestock. Dairy goats are generally pastured in summer and may be stabled during the winter. As dairy does are milked daily, they are generally kept close to the milking shed. Their grazing is typically supplemented with hay and concentrates.

Stabled goats may be kept in stalls similar to horses, or in larger group pens. In the US system, does are generally rebred annually. In some European commercial dairy systems, the does are bred only twice, and are milked continuously for several years after the second kidding. Meat goats are more frequently pastured year-round, and may be kept many miles from barns. Angora and other fiber breeds are also kept on pasture or range. Range-kept and pastured goats may be supplemented with hay or concentrates, most frequently during the winter or dry seasons.

In India, Nepal, and much of Asia, goats are kept largely for milk production, both in commercial and household settings. The goats in this area may be kept closely housed or may be allowed to range for fodder. The Salem Black goat is herded to pasture in fields and along roads during the day, but is kept penned at night for safe-keeping. In Africa and the Mideast, goats are typically run in flocks with sheep.

This maximizes the production per acre, as goats and sheep prefer different food plants. Multiple types of goat-raising are found in Ethiopia, where four main types have been identified: pastured in annual crop systems, in perennial crop systems, with cattle, and in arid areas, under pastoral (nomadic) herding systems. In all four systems, however, goats were typically kept in extensive systems, with few purchased inputs. Household goats are traditionally kept in Nigeria. While many goats are allowed to wander the homestead or village, others are kept penned and fed in what is called a 'cut-and-carry' system.

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This type of husbandry is also used in parts of Latin America. Cut-and-carry, which refers to the practice of cutting down grasses, corn or cane for feed rather than allowing the animal access to the field, is particularly suited for types of feed, such as corn or cane, that are easily destroyed by trampling. Pet goats may be found in many parts of the world when a family keeps one or more animals for emotional reasons rather than as production animals.

It is becoming more common for goats to be kept exclusively as pets in North America and Europe. See also: The taste of goat kid meat is similar to that of meat; in fact, in the English-speaking islands of the, and in some parts of Asia, particularly, and, the word “” is used to describe both goat and lamb meat. However, some compare the taste of goat meat to or, depending on the age and condition of the goat. Its flavor is said to be primarily linked to the presence of.

It can be prepared in a variety of ways, including, and; it can be, or made into. Due to its low fat content, the meat can toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most popular goats grown for meat is the, introduced into the in the early 1990s.

The is also considered a meat breed, as is the, a breed originating in. Milk, butter and cheese. Nutrition The discourages feeding infants milk derived from goats. An April 2010 case report summarizes their recommendation and presents 'a comprehensive review of the consequences associated with this dangerous practice', also stating, 'Many infants are exclusively fed unmodified goat's milk as a result of cultural beliefs as well as exposure to false online information. Anecdotal reports have described a host of morbidities associated with that practice, including severe electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic reactions including life-threatening anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and infections.' Untreated caprine results in a 2% case fatality rate. According to the, doe milk is not recommended for human infants because it contains 'inadequate quantities of, and, and to meet an infant’s nutritional needs' and may cause harm to an infant's and could cause metabolic damage.

The department of health in the United Kingdom has repeatedly released statements stating on various occasions that 'Goats' milk is not suitable for babies, and infant formulas and follow-on formulas based on goats' milk protein have not been approved for use in Europe', and 'infant milks based on goats' milk protein are not suitable as a source of nutrition for infants.' Moreover, according to the Canadian federal health department Health Canada, most of the dangers of, and counter-indications for, feeding unmodified goat's milk to infants parallel those associated with unmodified cow's milk — especially insofar as allergic reactions go. However, some farming groups promote the practice. For example, Small Farm Today, in 2005, claimed beneficial use in invalid and convalescent diets, proposing that, possibly important in nutrition for nursing infants, are much higher in does' milk than in cows' milk. A 1970 book on animal breeding claimed that does' milk differs from cows' or humans' milk by having higher digestibility, distinct, higher, and certain therapeutic values in human medicine and nutrition. Suggested doe milk can replace or cow milk in diets of those who are allergic to certain mammals' milk. However, like cow milk, doe milk has (sugar), and may cause for individuals with.

In fact, the level of lactose is similar to that of cow milk. An The Angora breed of goats produces long, curling, lustrous locks of. The entire body of the goat is covered with mohair and there are no guard hairs. The locks constantly grow to four inches or more in length. Angora crossbreeds, such as the and the, have been created to produce mohair and/or cashgora on a smaller, easier-to-manage animal. The wool is twice a year, with an average yield of about 4.5 kg (10 lb). Most goats have softer insulating hairs nearer the skin, and longer on the surface.

The desirable fiber for the is the former, and it goes by several names (down, cashmere and pashmina). The coarse guard hairs are of little value as they are too coarse, difficult to spin and difficult to dye. The produces a commercial quantity of, which is one of the most expensive natural fibers commercially produced; cashmere is very fine and soft. The cashmere goat fiber is harvested once a year, yielding around 260 g (9 oz) of down. In, cashmere is called ' (from pashmina, 'fine wool').

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called Cashmere by the British), had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat-hair imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh. The shawls were introduced into Western Europe when the General in Chief of the French campaign in Egypt (1799–1802) sent one to Paris. Since these shawls were produced in the upper and region, the wool came to be known as 'cashmere'. Land clearing Goats have been used by humans to clear unwanted vegetation for centuries. They have been described as 'eating machines' and 'biological control agents'. There has been a resurgence of this in North America since 1990, when herds were used to clear dry brush from California hillsides thought to be endangered by potential wildfires. This form of using goats to clear land is sometimes known as.

Since then, numerous public and private agencies have hired private herds to perform similar tasks. This practice has become popular in the, where they are used to remove invasive species not easily removed by humans, including (thorned) blackberry vines. Use for medical training As a goat's anatomy and physiology is not too dissimilar from that of human, some countries' militaries use goats to train. In the United States, goats have become the main animal species used for this purpose after Pentagon phased out using dogs for medical training in the 1980s. While modern used in medical training are quite efficient in simulating the behavior of a human body, trainees feel that 'the goat exercise provides a sense of urgency that only real life trauma can provide'.

A milker in show clip. This doe is angular and dairy with a capacious and well supported mammary system. Goat ' clubs frequently hold, where goats are judged on traits relating to, quality, evidence of high production, longevity, build and muscling (meat goats and pet goats) and fiber production and the fiber itself (fiber goats).

People who show their goats usually keep registered stock and the offspring of award-winning animals command a higher price. Registered goats, in general, are usually higher-priced if for no other reason than that records have been kept proving their ancestry and the production and other data of their sires, dams, and other ancestors. A registered doe is usually less of a gamble than buying a doe at random (as at an auction or sale barn) because of these records and the reputation of the breeder. Children's clubs such as also allow goats to be shown. Children's shows often include a showmanship class, where the cleanliness and presentation of both the animal and the exhibitor as well as the handler's ability and skill in handling the goat are scored. In a showmanship class, conformation is irrelevant since this is not what is being judged.

Various 'Dairy Goat Scorecards' (milking does) are systems used for judging shows in the US. The (ADGA) scorecard for an adult doe includes a point system of a hundred total with major categories that include general appearance, the dairy character of a doe (physical traits that aid and increase milk production), body capacity, and specifically for the mammary system. Young stock and bucks are judged by different scorecards which place more emphasis on the other three categories; general appearance, body capacity, and dairy character.

The American Goat Society (AGS) has a similar, but not identical scorecard that is used in their shows. The miniature dairy goats may be judged by either of the two scorecards. The 'Angora Goat scorecard' used by the Colored Angora Goat Breeder's Association (CAGBA), which covers the white and the colored goats, includes evaluation of an animal's fleece color, density, uniformity, fineness, and general body confirmation. Disqualifications include: a deformed mouth, broken down, deformed feet, crooked legs, abnormalities of testicles, missing testicles, more than 3 inch split in scrotum, and close-set or distorted horns. Religion, mythology and folklore. An ancient Greek depicting wild goats Archaeologists excavating the ancient city of in discovered, among others, the tomb of some king or great noble which included a throne decorated with bronze goat heads. That led to this tomb becoming known as 'The Tomb of the Lord of the Goats'.

According to, the god of thunder, has a that is pulled by the goats. At night when he sets up camp, Thor eats the meat of the goats, but takes care that all bones remain whole. Then he wraps the remains up, and in the morning, the goats always come back to life to pull the chariot.

When a farmer's son who is invited to share the meal breaks one of the goats' leg bones to suck the marrow, the animal's leg remains broken in the morning, and the boy is forced to serve Thor as a servant to compensate for the damage. Possibly related, the is one of the oldest and Northern and symbols and traditions.

Yule Goat originally denoted the goat that was slaughtered around Yule, but it may also indicate a goat figure made out of straw. It is also used about the custom of going door-to-door singing carols and getting food and drinks in return, often fruit, cakes and sweets. 'Going Yule Goat' is similar to the British custom, both with roots. The is a giant version of the Yule Goat, erected every year in the Swedish city of. The Greek god is said to have the upper body of a man and the horns and lower body of a goat. Pan was a very lustful god, nearly all of the myths involving him had to do with him chasing nymphs.

He is also credited with creating the. The goat is one of the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the related to the. Each animal is associated with certain personality traits; those born in a year of the are predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist. Feral goat in Goats readily revert to the wild (become feral) if given the opportunity. The only domestic animal known to return to feral life as swiftly is the cat. Feral goats have established themselves in many areas: they occur in, the and in many other places. When feral goats reach large populations in habitats which provide unlimited water supply and which do not contain sufficient large predators or which are otherwise vulnerable to goats' aggressive grazing habits, they may have serious effects, such as removing native, and other vegetation which is required by a wide range of other creatures, not just other grazing or browsing animals.

Feral goats are common in Australia. However, in other circumstances where predator pressure is maintained, they may be accommodated into some balance in the local food web.